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Education Commission of the States, 2018
As a condition of receiving federal funds, the Every Student Succeeds Act requires state education agencies to implement statewide assessments in mathematics and English language arts every year in third through eighth grade and once in ninth through 12th grade. The federal law also requires a science assessment once in each of three grade spans:…
Descriptors: Summative Evaluation, State Programs, Testing Programs, Mathematics Tests
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Deming, John C.; O'Donnell, Jacqueline R.; Malone, Christopher J. – Science Educator, 2012
Prior research suggests that students' understanding of scientific concepts is pre-determined by their reasoning ability. Other efforts suggest that American students' scientific literacy is in decline. One difficulty Bybee (2009) acknowledges is that there are two divergent philosophical models of scientific literacy. The first describes the…
Descriptors: Thinking Skills, Scientific Concepts, National Norms, Scientific Literacy