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Peer reviewedFowler, Joseph W.; Peterson, Penelope L. – Journal of Educational Psychology, 1981
Twenty-eight learned helpless children (ages 9-13) assessed as reading below grade level were randomly assigned to one of four reinforcement and attribution retaining treatments. Indirect and direct attribution retaining increased childrens' reading persistence and their attribution of failure on the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility scale…
Descriptors: Attribution Theory, Expectation, Helplessness, Intermediate Grades
