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Correction: Multimodal intervention based on physical exercise, mindfulness, behaviour change and education to improve pain and health in patients with chronic primary low back pain: a study protocol of the HEALTHYBACK randomised controlled trial - 12 March 2025

Protocol•

Multimodal intervention based on physical exercise, mindfulness, behaviour change and education to improve pain and health in patients with chronic primary low back pain: a study protocol of the HEALTHYBACK randomised controlled trial

Abstract

The HEALTHYBACK trial is based on a multimodal intervention to determine the effectiveness of a supervised physical exercise, mindfulness, behaviour change and pain neuroscience education programme on several health variables in individuals with chronic primary low back pain (CPLBP). The study will be a randomised controlled trial among 70 individuals diagnosed with CPLBP (aged 18–65 years). The intervention will be conducted in person within a hospital setting for 16 weeks and comprises a first phase (16 sessions supervised physical exercise (2 days/week, 45 min/session), mindfulness (1 day/week, 2.5 hours/session), behaviour change (daily/24 hours via a wrist-worn activity prompting device) and pain neuroscience education (1 day/biweekly, 2 hours/session)) and a second phase (16 sessions functional full-body muscle strengthening exercise, 3 days/week, 50 min/session). The primary outcomes will include perceived acute pain, pain pressure threshold, conditioned pain modulation, temporal summation of pain and disability due to pain. Secondary measures will include physical fitness, body composition, gait parameters, device-measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour, haematological profile, self-reported sedentary behaviour, quality of life, pain catastrophising, mental health, sleep duration and quality, and symptoms related to central sensitisation. The groups will undergo pretest (before the intervention), post-test (after each phase of the intervention) and retest (at a 6-week detraining period after the intervention) measurements. The results will determine the effectiveness of multidimensional interventions on several health parameters in individuals with CPLBP. They will provide knowledge for pain management and functioning in affected individuals, which might diminish the need for primary healthcare services. Trial registration number: NCT06114264.

What is already known on this topic

  • Chronic primary low back pain (CPLBP) is a global public health issue, being one of the leading causes of years lived with disability. CPLBP requires a biopsychosocial approach with different combinations of interventions, which may positively affect physical and mental health.

What this study adds

  • The HEALTHYBACK study aims to evaluate the effects of physical exercise, mindfulness, behaviour change and pain neuroscience education on overall health in individuals with CPLBP. Furthermore, this study explores which exercise modality is most effective in this population and includes blood biomarker measurements.

How this study might affect research, practice or policy

  • This study may provide new knowledge for understanding the mechanisms of chronic pain, enabling healthcare professionals to make better decisions based on scientific evidence regarding the type of treatment required for CPLBP and providing tools for the management of patients’ symptoms.

Introduction

The estimated prevalence of people of all ages and sexes suffering from low back pain (LBP) in 2020 was 619 million worldwide. LBP is characterised by the pain experienced between the 12th rib and the gluteal folds, which lasts more than 12 weeks in cases of chronicity. When a pathoanatomical diagnosis is not provided, the condition is classified as non-specific chronic low back pain or as chronic primary low back pain (CPLBP), according to the terminology recently recommended by WHO. This condition is the leading cause of years lived with disability in the general population1 and results in physical and psychological impairments that diminish the quality of life.2 Furthermore, a systematic review has shown that individuals with CPLBP might present greater systemic inflammation than healthy controls. Additionally, neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y, substance P and beta-endorphin, which act as signalling molecules within the nervous system, modulate various physiological processes, including pain perception.3 Alterations in these biomarkers have the potential to impact central sensitisation, an amplification of neural signalling within the central nervous system that leads to hypersensitivity to pain.4 High-quality studies, including inflammatory biomarkers (such as C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6) and neuropeptides, are required as the levels of evidence are low and would help understand the mechanisms involved in chronic pain maintenance.5

In response to exercise, individuals with CPLBP develop muscle atrophy, decreased strength, proprioception, somatosensory alterations and reduced pain modulation. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) assesses the function of endogenous pain inhibitory pathways, a mechanism that reduces the pain experience. Otherwise, temporal summation of pain (TSP) assesses neural mechanisms related to pain facilitation. Both mechanisms induce a process of endogenous pain modulation. Physical exercise might enhance pain modulation and relief in individuals with persistent pain.6 Addressing this challenge, core stabilisation exercises focusing on trunk and hip muscles have consistently shown effectiveness in these deficits. However, there is significant heterogeneity in exercise methodologies across randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in this population, complicating effective prescription. To enhance clinical applicability and reduce heterogeneity, future trials have been suggested to include trunk, lower body and upper body muscle strength measures to validate the efficacy of physical exercise programmes in the CPLBP population.7 This approach will enable healthcare professionals to tailor exercises according to the specific dose, intensity and type required for effective management.

The CPLBP population does not usually meet the WHO’s physical activity (PA) recommendations (>150 min/week of moderate PA intensity or at least 75 min/week of vigorous PA intensity). PA presents potential health benefits in individuals with chronic conditions and disability.8 Individuals with CPLBP have a sedentary lifestyle, remaining longer in sedentary behaviour compared with healthy controls.9 Implementing inactivity alarms to promote behaviour change and reduce sedentary behaviour may help individuals with CPLBP achieve the WHO’s PA recommendations.

The mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) method is based on increasing awareness and acceptance of moment-to-moment experiences, alleviating distress, supporting interpersonal and extrapersonal communication and promoting neuroplastic changes. Previous studies have shown that the MBSR method improves mental outcomes, subjective pain and mobility in individuals with chronic physical impairments. Mindfulness could help individuals with chronic pain accept their pain perception and decrease the need to evade it, allowing positive emotions and qualities.10

Recent advances in neuroscience have led to a better understanding of pain mechanisms and highlighted the importance of maladaptive neuroplastic changes and central sensitisation (excessive response of central nervous system nociceptive neurons to normal and subumbral stimuli) in chronic pain. Pain neuroscience education (PNE) aims to educate individuals about their chronic pain experience and help them reconceptualise their pain and coping strategies. It addresses issues such as kinesiophobia (fear of movement), catastrophising (negative thinking), fear-avoidance behaviours and disability. PNE is effective in reducing these maladaptive behaviours and erroneous pain beliefs.11 In addition, clinical practice guidelines recommend using PNE combined with physical exercise for individuals with CPLBP, but not as a stand-alone therapy.12

Despite all this previous evidence, individuals with CPLBP typically receive single-dimensional and passive therapies, such as pharmacological treatment or manual therapy, as first-line interventions in primary healthcare settings. These therapies often yield short-term improvements and render patients passive observers of their condition, resulting in poorer long-term outcomes. Recent evidence and clinical practice guidelines highlight the significant challenge of implementing multidimensional and active treatment approaches in CPLBP.12 13 These approaches encompass physical, biopsychosocial and behavioural components.14 Integrating supervised physical exercise (physical factors) with MBSR (mental-emotional factors), behaviour change strategies and PNE comprehensively addresses the biopsychosocial aspects of human health. Evaluating the effectiveness of this integrated approach is crucial in determining its impact on pain reduction and overall health improvement in individuals with CPLBP.

This study protocol aims to determine the effectiveness of a multimodal programme based on supervised physical exercise, MBSR, behaviour change and PNE compared with a control group on endogenous pain modulation, disability, muscle strength, gait parameters, levels of PA, quality of life, mental health and haematological profile in individuals with CPLBP.

Methods

Study design

This protocol adheres to the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials statements.15 It is a prospective, two-arm, randomised study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06114264) and will commence in September 2023. The study will be conducted following the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.16 The trial flowchart is shown in figure 1, and the schedule is provided in online supplemental apendix 1.

Figure 1
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Flowchart of the HEALTHYBACK project. MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction.

Participants

Individuals who meet the eligibility criteria (box 1) will be included. The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire will detect individuals who should undergo a medical examination before doing any type of PA. Setting the mean power at 0.80, the alpha error at 0.05 and the effect size at 0.70 (G∗power software), at least 26 participants for each group will be sufficient to find differences in pain after the intervention.17 Therefore, considering the dropout rate of 20%–30%,18 70 individuals will be randomly assigned to the control group (CG, n=35) or the intervention group (IG, n=35).

Box 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria of the HEALTHYBACK project.

Inclusion criteria

  • Have been previously diagnosed with chronic primary low back pain by a healthcare professional.

  • Be ≥18 and ≤65 years old.

  • Able to read and understand the informed consent and the objective of the study.

  • Able to walk and move without external help.

  • Able to communicate possible problems emerging during the evaluation tests.

Exclusion criteria

  • Serious lumbar structural disorders: spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, canal stenosis, degenerative disc disease and/or disc herniation, tumour, trauma or fracture of the lumbar and lower limbs, cauda equina syndrome, and radicular leg pain.

  • Acute or terminal illness.

  • Physical injury.

  • Physical or mental illness.

  • Engage in any additional physical exercise.

  • Participate in other treatments for low back pain.

  • Medical prescriptions that prevent participation in the study.

Recruitment

The recruitment will take place at the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service from Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital in Granada, Spain. Individuals referred to the rehabilitation unit by their doctor and placed on a waiting list will receive an invitation to participate via telephone. Subsequently, those interested individuals will be invited to an informative session in which the study details will be explained, and any doubts that may arise will be answered. Furthermore, all individuals interested in participating will receive written information about the study and will be required to provide written informed consent after reading the information.

Randomisation

Participants will be randomly allocated to each group in a 1:1 allocation ratio by a computer-generated randomisation sequence stratified by two factors (age and sex). This randomisation sequence will be created by a blinded researcher external to the project using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software.

Procedure

Participants of the IG will be invited to attend four assessments: before (T0), after the multimodal programme (T1), after the functional full-body muscle strengthening exercise training (T2) and following a 6-week detraining period (T3). Participants of the CG will attend three assessments: before (T0), after the IG completes the multimodal programme (T1) and following a 6-week detraining period (T2). First, participants will need to visit the hospital for a blood sample. Second, they will visit the Faculty of Sport Sciences (University of Granada, Spain), where sociodemographic and clinical information will be collected through an initial anamnesis. Subsequently, basal heart rate, blood pressure and primary and secondary outcomes will be evaluated. To avoid possible confounders in the pain-related outcomes, patients will be asked not to take analgesic drugs 24 hours before the evaluation. Participants will receive several health-related questionnaires to be completed at home on the same day as their evaluation, and an accelerometer will be worn for a whole consecutive week. They will be asked to return the accelerometer and the questionnaires 9 days following the assessment.

Intervention programme

The multimodal programme will include supervised physical exercise, MBSR, behaviour change and PNE, all of which are prescribed and designed by sports science professionals and physical therapy professionals. All the professionals participating in the intervention will have previous experience with this population. It will be conducted in the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service of the hospital. Sessions will be scheduled in both morning and afternoon slots to accommodate the availability of the participants.

The IG will undergo a first-phase intervention comprising a 16-session multimodal programme, including physical exercise, MBSR, behavioural change strategy and PNE. They will proceed to a second-phase intervention involving a 16-session functional full-body muscle strengthening exercise programme. The overall information on the intervention programme is shown in table 1.

Table 1
•
Phase I, 8-week multimodal intervention programme

In the CG, participants will be placed on a waiting list and instructed to continue their daily life habits. They will be advised not to engage in any additional physical exercise or other treatment for CPLBP except for their current medication for the whole duration of the intervention. Once the intervention is completed, the CG will receive the same multimodal programme as the IG.

Phase I: 8-week multimodal programme

The physical exercise programme

The physical exercise programme will be conducted under the supervision of professionals in sports science and physical therapy by adapting rehabilitation exercises previously used in the literature19 and according to the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template guidelines (CERT).20 This guide consists of 16 items that describe information about the execution of an exercise intervention programme. Thus, it allows its development, guidance, evaluation, interpretation and assistance in the clinical setting. The programme will report the frequency, intensity, time and type (FITT) exercise principles to ensure a high-quality and detailed exercise intervention. Parallelly, it will follow the National Strength and Conditioning Association21 and American College of Sports Medicine recommendations,22 which suggest performing between 6 and 12 repetitions for each muscle-strengthening PA at a moderate-to-vigorous intensity that equals >5 (1 ‘no effort’ to 10 ‘maximal effort’) on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale.23

The exercise programme will be divided into three sections: warm-up, muscle-strengthening and cool-down (stretching exercises). The intervention programme will focus on strengthening the core muscles. It will begin with low-intensity isometric contraction to stabilise the trunk, along with mobility exercises. The intensity will gradually increase by incorporating functional tasks and will be monitored using an RPE scale ranging from 0 to 10.23 Special attention will be given to ensuring that each exercise is executed without causing pain. The progression will follow stages outlined in previous literature19: (1) Stage 1: mobility, isometric and motor control exercises encompassing the full body, with special emphasis on the core muscles. Particular attention will be given to the isometric contraction of the transversus abdominis muscle; (2) Stage 2: co-contraction and functional tasks of the deep trunk muscles; (3) Stage 3: functional tasks including greater difficulty or intensity with load; (4) Stage 4: functional task with an unstable surface. The material used in the exercise intervention programme will include mats, foam rollers (for myofascial release), 2 kg dumbbells, elastic bands, fitballs and unstable surfaces.

Individuals will receive feedback focusing on technique and posture correction for each exercise. To facilitate familiarisation, an example will be provided before executing each exercise. During the sessions, strategies to improve exercise adherence will be employed, including (1) creating a positive and dynamic environment and (2) implementing an attendance monitoring system to prevent absences and dropouts.

The MBSR programme

The MBSR programme will follow the protocol developed by Jon Kabat Zinn.10 Each session will include three activities: the presentation of a topic, moments of dialogue and exploration in the group (using appreciative inquiry) and a mindfulness practice. Participants will receive homework prescriptions such as workbooks and audio with guided meditations. The MBSR sessions will be taught by a physical therapist accredited by Brown University.

The behaviour change programme

The behaviour change programme will use a wrist-worn smartwatch (Redmi Smart Band 2, Xiaomi, China) worn continuously by participants. This device will alert participants to take breaks from sedentary behaviour whenever it detects that they have been sitting for 1 hour. Participants will be instructed to engage in active breaks, such as walking or dancing, for 2 min upon receiving the alert. The alarms will be programmed to be active for 12 hours each day. Specifically, the device will not issue alarms during sleep hours (22:00–08:00) and nap times (15:00–17:00).

The PNE programme

The PNE programme will include original content delivered via slides, blackboard and written materials, using relatable language and metaphors. It will be led by two physical therapists specialising in chronic pain neurobiology and its management. Validated analogies, illustrations, online audiovisual resources and interactive questions will be used to engage participants.11 The main contents will be (1) pain as a protective alarm system; (2) differences between pain, nociception and damage; (3) acute versus chronic pain; (4) predictive neuroimmune system: evaluative failure and dis/adaptative responses to threats; (5) neuroplastic changes and maladaptive learning in persistent pain, including a hypervigilant system, learnt sensitisation and further shifts mediated by iatrogenesis, kinesiophobia, fear-avoidance behaviours, social isolation, maladaptive cognitions and emotions; (6) potential reversal of functional and structural changes, addressing perpetual factors by active coping tools, such as graded exposure movement techniques (motor imagery, laterality and sensitivity training, dual tasks, neurodynamics, motor variability exploration and games) and methods for identifying and managing maladaptive cognitions, emotions and behaviours.24 The contents of each session are detailed in online supplemental appendix 2.

Phase II: 16-session functional full-body muscle strengthening exercise.

Participants will perform additional moderate-to-high-intensity functional full-body muscle strengthening exercise training. This phase aims to introduce a greater exercise intensity, as this may be a critical factor in achieving therapeutic outcomes. This study investigates whether participants will experience greater improvements in their condition when engaged in exercises of higher intensity. By systematically introducing and monitoring moderate-to-high intensity levels during the training sessions, we aim to evaluate the efficacy of this approach and its potential benefits in enhancing the outcomes. This programme will focus on strengthening the entire body’s musculature, with a primary emphasis on applying movements based on activities of daily living. It will also follow the CERT20 and will report the FITT exercise principles. The intensity will be moderate-to-high and controlled following the repetition in reserve (RIR) theory, which represents the number of repetitions a person can perform while leaving a specified number of final repetitions uncompleted.25 26 The load (resistance) for each exercise shall be determined as previously described and as presented in table 2. The number of repetitions and the RIR for each session will be adapted progressively to increase the intensity of the sessions (table 3). Each session will include: (1) warm-up with mobility exercises, (2) resistance training, progressively developing each exercise based on the RIR25 and (3) cool-down at a low intensity with stretching and relaxation exercises. The functional full-body muscle strengthening exercises are detailed in online supplemental appendix 3.

Table 2
•
Rating of perceived exertion based on repetitions in reserve
Table 3
•
Summary of the phase II, 16-session functional full-body muscle strengthening exercise programme

Primary outcomes

Perceived acute pain

A visual analogue scale will be used to measure subjective changes in back pain. This scale was previously validated among individuals with chronic pain.27 Testing will be performed upon arrival and immediately after performing each physical fitness test during the assessment. A numerical rating scale (0–10) will assess the pain before and after each intervention session.

Pain pressure threshold (PPT)

A hand-held standard pressure algometer (FPK 20, Wagner Instruments, Greenwich, Connecticut, USA) will be used to measure PPT.28

Conditioned pain modulation (CPM)

The conditioning painful stimulus will be applied with a 12-cm wide pressure cuff (Riester minimus III, Jungingen, Germany). The CPM will be calculated as the difference between the PPT of the conditioning painful stimulus minus the initial PPT. Positive values will represent an increase in pain intensity.29

Temporal summation of pain

For painful stimuli, the individual mean of PPT+1 kg will be used with the hand-held standard pressure algometer.28

Pain catastrophising

The Pain Catastrophising Scale will be used to assess pain catastrophising.30

Disability due to pain

The Oswestry Low Back Pain Scale will be used to measure pain disability (limitations in daily life activities) due to LBP.31

Secondary outcomes

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics

Sociodemographic and clinical information will be collected before the intervention through face-to-face interviews.

Body composition

Weight (kg), body fat and skeletal muscle (kg and %) will be measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody R20, Biospace Gateshead, UK). Height will be measured with a height rod (Seca 22) and waist32 and neck circumferences33 with a measuring tape (Holtain).

Field-based muscular, cardiorespiratory and motor fitness testing.

Muscular fitness

The Biering-Sørensen test34 will evaluate back-extensor muscles' static and isometric endurance (erector spinae, multifidus and quadratus lumborum). The Prone Bridging test35 will measure back-flexor muscle strength (transversus and rectus abdominis). The 30-s chair stand test will be used to evaluate the strength of the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteus muscles.36 It is a reliable37 test used in populations with chronic pain.38 Hand dynamometry (5101 TKK handgrip dynamometer) will be used to measure maximal voluntary hand force. Previous research has shown a significant association between handgrip strength and CPLBP.36

Cardiorespiratory fitness

The YMCA 3 min test will be used to evaluate the maximal oxygen uptake.39

Motor fitness

Motor agility

The 8-foot up-and-go test is a safe and validated measure of motor agility.37

Spatiotemporal gait parameters

The optical sensor OptoGait (OptoGait; Microgate, Bolzano, Italy) is a valid and reliable method and will be used to evaluate spatiotemporal gait parameters, that is, gait speed, contact time, cadence, stride length and double support.40

Laboratory-based muscular testing

Participants will perform isokinetic and isometric strength testing of the back extensor, flexor and oblique muscles using a functional electromechanical dynamometer (FEMD) (Myoquality M1, Myoquality Solutions SL, Granada, Spain). The reliability of the FEMD for trunk strength measurement in healthy people has been previously established.41

Device-measured PA and sedentary behaviour

The triaxial ActiGraph GT3X+accelerometer (Actigraph, Fort Walton Beach, Florida, USA) will objectively assess PA and sedentary time.42

Self-reported sedentary behaviour

The Sedentary Behaviour Questionnaire will be used to assess self-reported sedentary behaviour.43

Quality of life and mental health

The 36-item Short-Form Health Survey will be used to evaluate health-related quality of life.44 The Beck Depression Inventory-II will be used to assess depression severity,45 and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-I will be used to measure state anxiety.46

Sleep duration and quality

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index will assess sleep duration and quality.47

Central sensitisation

The Central Sensitisation Inventory will be used to evaluate symptoms related to the central sensitisation phenotype.48

Dietary assessment

The Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener will be used to evaluate the diet quality.49

Haematological profile

Each participant will undergo a phlebotomy to collect 15 mL of blood samples. The haematological variables are described in table 4.

Table 4
•
Haematological variables

Rate of perceived exertion

At the end of each physical exercise session and after performing each physical fitness test during assessments, the participants will determine their subjective exertion using the RPE scale based on Borg’s category ratio scale (CR-10).50

Further details about the procedures for measuring outcomes are described in online supplemental appendix 4.

Statistical analysis and sample size

Since this study aims to determine the potential efficacy and effectiveness of the multimodal intervention, the statistical analysis will be performed on both per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses (≥70% of attendance).

The programme effects will be reported as between-group changes in the primary and secondary outcomes and will be assessed with a one-way analysis of covariance. The mean change (post minus baseline values) will be included as the dependent variable, the group will be the fixed factor, and the corresponding baseline value of the outcome will be included as a covariate. The same procedure will be used to analyse the persistence of the changes at follow-up. All the analyses will be adjusted for any potential confounder that is not well balanced at baseline, and the results from both models will be reported. Sex will be used as a potential covariate in all analyses to see if the results differ between men and women. Whenever possible, the sample will be stratified by sex. Cohen’s d will be used to calculate the standardised effect size. The statistical significance will be set at α=0.05. The SPSS software V.27.0. (Armonk, New York, USA: IBM Corp) will be used.

Discussion

Supervised physical exercise has been recommended as a first-line treatment to reduce pain in individuals with CPLBP.9 Field-based and laboratory muscular fitness tests in this study will help healthcare professionals understand if physical fitness mediates the relationship between physical exercise and pain and several health parameters. The WHO’s clinical practice guidance for individuals with CLBP elucidates the essential role of remaining physically active for overall health.1 However, individuals with CLBP showed low PA levels during their leisure time. A systematic review and meta-analysis also recommended engaging in moderate-to-vigorous PA intensity as a protective measure against CPLBP. Consequently, increasing PA levels in this population could improve their daily life activity performance and prevent disease relapse.9 51 This evidence demonstrates the relevance of strategies focused on increasing PA intensity levels, decreasing sedentary behaviour and objectively measuring these activities using tools such as a triaxial accelerometer.

Psychological factors can also influence the brain’s danger perception and modulate its responses through facilitation or inhibition. A study showed that MBSR can improve pain severity and physical and mental quality of life compared with usual medical care in women with CPLBP.52 Due to the reduction of catastrophic thoughts, the repeated practice of mindfulness can enhance the tolerance of negative emotions through exposure to painful sensations.53 Reducing negative thinking is crucial to mitigating heightened pain experience.2

Notably, a pragmatic RCT showed that a combination of PNE and physical exercise improved quality of life and reduced pain intensity and catastrophism in the population with spinal pain.11 Despite these findings, well-designed physical exercise interventions combined with MBSR and PNE have not been implemented in individuals with CPLBP. Most recent evidence elucidates the relevance of a multidimensional approach to address physical, biopsychosocial and behavioural factors that affect individuals with CPLBP.14 Unimodal approaches seem less effective than multimodal ones, including physical exercise.13 In fact, multimodal interventions have been recommended as a first-line treatment for CPLBP to improve quality of life, reduce pain, catastrophism, kinesiophobia and disability, and influence maladaptive nociplastic changes.11 According to a systematic review, inflammatory biomarkers are elevated in populations with neuropathic pain and lead to a ‘sickness response’.5 By measuring specific biomolecules in the blood, researchers can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology of CPLBP.

The HEALTHYBACK RCT will implement a novel multimodal approach to determine the effects of combining various individually effective modalities on pain intensity, disability,54 overall health, quality of life, haematological profile, PA,9 sleep quality and active coping, among other factors, in individuals with CPLBP.47 This multimodal programme will provide them with tools for self-management and might reduce their need for healthcare, which translates into a decrease in future costs in primary healthcare settings.

Some limitations should be considered. The design will not allow the individual definition of the effectiveness of each intervention modality due to the design requiring a larger sample size. Also, it is important to carry out interventions for a longer duration in future studies to verify the permanence of the intervention’s effects on health outcomes. In addition, due to the nature of the intervention, neither the participants nor the healthcare professionals can be blinded.

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  • Contributors: Conceptualisation and design: VS-J. Data collection: not applicable for this article. Drafting preparation: GT and MDL-F. Writing: GT, MDL-F and VS-J. Revising the manuscript: GT, MDL-F, RP-M, IA-G, ML-C, MD-F, MYC-C, BD, AMM-R, RP-C, AMR-O, GA-C, NM-J, DM-G, IJCR and VS-J. Project administration: GT, MDL-F and VS-J. Supervision and funding acquisition: VS-J. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed with the order of presentation of the authors. VS-J is the guarantor of this study.

  • Funding: This study was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the fellowships CP20/00178 and PI22/01791, co-funded by the European Social Fund. GT was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the PFIS contract (FI23/00034), co-funded by the European Social Fund+. BD was supported by the 'Margarita Salas' postdoctoral grant UCOR01MS, convened by the University of Córdoba (UCO) and funded by the Ministry of the University of Spain and the European Union-Next Generation EU.

  • Competing interests: None declared.

  • Patient and public involvement: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

  • Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

  • Supplemental material: This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.

Data availability statement

No data are available. Not applicable.

Ethics statements

Patient consent for publication:
Ethics approval:

This study involves human participants and was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Granada, Government of Andalusia, Spain (code: 0097-N-23). Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.

Acknowledgements

The authors greatly appreciate the participants’ involvement and ongoing dedication throughout the study process.

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  • Accepted: 11 October 2024
  • First published: 21 November 2024

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